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Revolution!

Well there was no great surprise about a revolution in Russia, there had been one in 1905 – rather sort of European type, getting parliament and so on – but basically the country was backward, poor, unstable and in fact it was not likely to survive a major war. And in fact it was the war, the Great War, which did for the Tsar. Essentially it was a revolution not against the Tsar, as against the war. And it is when the soldiers joined the rather hungry workers in Petrograd, and occupied the cities and did not shoot the workers – as the Tsar would have wanted to – that it became clear that the Tsar had to go, and he resigned shortly afterwards.

The mood was one of complete chaos, in a way, in which the workers, and even the peasants and the soldiers, started organising their own councils while a provisional government was formed. But the provisional government had virtually no independent power, particularly not because it insisted on going on with the war. And when it insisted on going on with the war, in fact increasingly both the soldiers and the peasants and the workers became radicalised. The peasants started to occupy the landlords’ land; soldiers deserted to join their brothers in the villages to take on the land and the only people who had systematically said the government, the new government, has no power and be this is a revolution about peace, land and bread, eventually won.

There were two revolutions because over throwing the Tsar, in fact what everyone expected including the autre revolutions at the time, was there would not be a second revolution but Russia would settle down as something like what we would today call, a western democracy. Within which right, left and centre would go on making their political battles, as elsewhere, but it proved to be impossible very largely because A) The revolution had not been made by the liberal democrats, it had been made by the poor who rebelled against the war and B) the new government insisted they felt they were pressed by the western allies not to leave the war and that did for them. And that made a second revolution in effect inevitable.

It was a second revolution which was totally unexpected, unpredicted rather, before the war. Nobody would have dreamed, even in February nobody would have dreamed that Russia would settle down as a socialist country with socialists in power devoted to sparking off a global revolution against capitalism. And in fact nobody was really quite used to it, very few people actually expected anybody to take over in Russia, it was merely the fact that the Bolsheviks under Lenin were about the only people who had, if you like, the mad courage to take it over, cost what may, who actually succeeded in doing it. And in doing so incidentally saved most of what had been the Russian Empire, whereas the other empires in Europe went to bits, the Russian Empire lasted until... for another 80 years until 1998.

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Well there was no great surprise about a revolution in Russia, there had been one in 1905 – rather sort of European type, getting parliament and so on – but basically the country was backward, poor, unstable and in fact it was not likely to survive a major war. And in fact it was the war, the Great War, which did for the Tsar. Essentially it was a revolution not against the Tsar, as against the war. And it is when the soldiers joined the rather hungry workers in Petrograd, and occupied the cities and did not shoot the workers – as the Tsar would have wanted to – that it became clear that the Tsar had to go, and he resigned shortly afterwards.

The mood was one of complete chaos, in a way, in which the workers, and even the peasants and the soldiers, started organising their own councils while a provisional government was formed. But the provisional government had virtually no independent power, particularly not because it insisted on going on with the war. And when it insisted on going on with the war, in fact increasingly both the soldiers and the peasants and the workers became radicalised. The peasants started to occupy the landlords’ land; soldiers deserted to join their brothers in the villages to take on the land and the only people who had systematically said the government, the new government, has no power and be this is a revolution about peace, land and bread, eventually won.

There were two revolutions because over throwing the Tsar, in fact what everyone expected including the autre revolutions at the time, was there would not be a second revolution but Russia would settle down as something like what we would today call, a western democracy. Within which right, left and centre would go on making their political battles, as elsewhere, but it proved to be impossible very largely because A) The revolution had not been made by the liberal democrats, it had been made by the poor who rebelled against the war and B) the new government insisted they felt they were pressed by the western allies not to leave the war and that did for them. And that made a second revolution in effect inevitable.

It was a second revolution which was totally unexpected, unpredicted rather, before the war. Nobody would have dreamed, even in February nobody would have dreamed that Russia would settle down as a socialist country with socialists in power devoted to sparking off a global revolution against capitalism. And in fact nobody was really quite used to it, very few people actually expected anybody to take over in Russia, it was merely the fact that the Bolsheviks under Lenin were about the only people who had, if you like, the mad courage to take it over, cost what may, who actually succeeded in doing it. And in doing so incidentally saved most of what had been the Russian Empire, whereas the other empires in Europe went to bits, the Russian Empire lasted until... for another 80 years until 1998.