The Pope has just released a statement apologising to Muslims for any unintentional offence his comments have caused, and expressing respect for Muslim believers and their faith. Will this be enough to quell the storm?
According to , the Turkish government has asked the Vatican to reconsider Pope Benedict's planned visit in November since they are unable to guarantee his safety. Security at the Vatican itself has been as protests continue to spread through the Islamic world. The German Chancellor Angela Merkel has stepped forward to defend the Pope: she claims his comments have been widely misunderstood.
Angela Merkel also came to the Pope's defence when she argued that the EU Constitution should recognise Europe's Christian heritage. The Pope's campaign for a special place for Christianity in the EU constitution has drawn criticism in the past from both secularists and Islamic commentators. Benedict Turkey's membership of European Union on the basis that it "belonged to a different cultural sphere", adding that its admission would be "a grave error against the tide of history". And it is said that the Pope had reservations about his predecessor's efforts to reach out to the the Islamic world. When John Paull II toured Syria in 2001, he visited a mosque -- the first pope to do so.
Why have Benedict's triggered the inter-faith equivalent of an international incident? In a homecoming visit to Germany, the Pope gave a at the University of Regensburg, where he once served as a professor of theology.
The lecture explores the relationship between rationality and religion; and the Pope was drawn to an illustration. The 14th century "erudite" Byzantine Christian Emperor Manuel II Paleologus was engaged in a dialogue with an educated Persian on the subject of Christianity and Islam; and in their seventh conversation, the Emperor turns to the topic of holy war. The Pope summarises the exchange that followed in these words: [the Emperor] "addresses his interlocutor with a startling brusqueness on the central question about the relationship between religion and violence in general, saying:
Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new, and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached.
The Pope then continues: "The emperor, after having expressed himself so forcefully, goes on to explain in detail the reasons why spreading the faith through violence is something unreasonable. Violence is incompatible with the nature of God and the nature of the soul. "God," he says, "is not pleased by blood - and not acting reasonably is contrary to God's nature. Faith is born of the soul, not the body. Whoever would lead someone to faith needs the ability to speak well and to reason properly, without violence and threats."
This passage in the lecture raises two significant concerns:
1. Does the Pope agree with the Emperor's characterisation of the Prophet Muhammed? If he doesn't, why doesn't he make clear his concerns about mis-characterisation? Given the extremely sensitive nature of this subject at this time, a clarification would have helped.
2. Why doesn't the Pope include an example of Christian holy war -- the Crusades -- in a discussion of violence as a vehicle for religious conversion? Medieval muslims did not have a monopoly on the notion of Jihad or Holy War.