Category: Factual
& Arts TV
Date: 09.12.2004
Printable version
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The Richard Dimbleby Lecture for 2004 - Engineering
the Difference by James Dyson - broadcast on ³ÉÈËÂÛ̳ ONE last night (Wednesday
8 December).
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It's fair to say none of us would be here if it wasn't
for an engineer. John Logie Baird. A bit of a crackpot. But if it wasn't
for him – and several other inventive engineers – there would
be no television.
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Without TV, the ³ÉÈËÂÛ̳ might not exist. In which case,
I wouldn't have joined millions of viewers watching the Queen's Coronation
in June 1953. Stuck in remote north Norfolk, it was the first time I'd
seen a television.
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The experience was made all the richer by Richard Dimbleby's
commentary. Over the next few years, he became a regular fixture in
my mother's living room. As the presenter of Panorama, I'll always think
of him as the face of serious television in my youth.
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Had it not been for television, it's fair to say Richard
Dimbleby and his sons wouldn't have made their reputation in quite the
same way. And this lecture, held in their father's memory, wouldn't
be taking place.
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Logie Baird started quite something, when you think
about it.
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And here I am, the first engineer to deliver the Dimbleby
Lecture. And look... I'm not wearing overalls.
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If it alarms you to have to listen to an engineer, let
me reassure you. Like you, I once thought engineers were quite beyond
the pale. My family were all from a liberal arts background. My parents
taught the arts.
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And as a schoolboy, I didn't know what an engineer or
even an architect did. I was a Classics scholar who went to art school.
While at the RCA, I accidentally discovered the glories of making things.
And I can tell you it was quite a shock when I realised I was getting
interested in engineering.
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Now, as I said, no engineer has ever stood here before.
And the last industrialist to occupy this spot did so nearly 20 years
ago. I can't help thinking, that long absence says something about the
way we regard engineers and manufacturers.
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Manufacturers and engineers make things to improve
our lives and create wealth. But they're less important to us than those
who occupy their time writing about it or worring about it.
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It was this disregard for the engineer's creation –
the manufactured object – that led me to stand down as Chairman
of the Design Museum a month or so ago.
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There are two sides to the design coin. There is serious
design – making sure that the manufactured object performs its
task in the best possible way. And there is styling – the essentially
superficial task of making sure something looks attractive.
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Both are important to me. After all, my wife is a rug
designer and an artist. My daughter and son-in-law design clothes.
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However, the Design Museum was set up by Terence Conran
to champion the manufactured object.
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There are dozens of places that examine style. The
V&A, art galleries, newspapers and style magazines. There are very
few places that focus seriously on how and why we make things.
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I felt the Museum was failing to get the right balance.
I still care deeply about the Design Museum, but in its current guise,
I have little to contribute. So I stepped down.
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A day or so after my resignation, I turned on the radio.
When I resigned, I had mentioned a Constance Spry exhibition and now
the Today programme was interviewing two flower arrangers.
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The interviewer cut through the florists' proclamations,
about the life-enhancing effects of lilacs, to ask a very pertinent
question.
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Can you really, he asked, say that flower design is
as important – or even the same – as designing an aeroplane?
Their answer? "Of course it was."
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I knew there and then that my decision to go had been
correct. And that it said something about our appreciation – or
rather lack of appreciation – of manufacturing.
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My resignation caused quite a rumpus.
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At the Museum, the visitor figures shot up by 50 per
cent! Butlers Wharf had never been so popular.
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Meanwhile, in the press, my departure was being deconstructed
as a clash between the past and the future.
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I was told that styling had usurped engineering in the
latter half of the 20th century. And that it went deeper than just a
change of fashion.
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My values of technology and manufacturing were old-fashioned,
they said. And if our economy was to succeed, I had to realise something:
"The future prosperity of developed nations, rested in the hands
of stylists."
"Engineering belonged in
the past."
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Yet here I am. Someone whose recipe for success, has
been to make things that people want to buy.
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Not because they look better – although of course
I hope they do – but because they work better.
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I have spent 35 years making things in a country that
often has little regard for its manufacturers. It has left me more convinced
than ever that engineering is this country's future.
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And that styling for its own sake is a lazy 20th century
conceit. One that has passed its sell-by date.
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This world is driven by technology.
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We have no choice but to shake off our obsession with
styling. And to focus on creating new more-advanced products.
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The first thing we must do, is divest ourselves of several
lazy misconceptions.
What kind of deceits?
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"That the 18th and 19th centuries were a golden
age of manufacturing."
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They weren't.
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"That Britain once led the industrial world. And
that we really knew how to make things well.”
We didnÂ’t.
"That we are a nation of inventors, more creative than anyone else."
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We're not and we never have been.
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"That the service and creative industries –
there's an oxymoron for you – can replace manufacturing."
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They can't.
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"That long-lasting wealth can be consumer generated."
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That's just plain naïve.
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"That engineering doesn't have a place in a post-industrial
society."
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Rubbish.
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"That the industrial future belongs to companies
producing intangible goods such as computer software or information."
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More rubbish.
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It is essential that we dump hoary old myths if we want
to maintain our wealth, power, and influence over the future. This evening
I'll explain why and how.
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Unlike most of the commentators, I have 35 years' experience
of making things. And it's taught me a lot.
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However, the biggest lesson came four years ago when
I located our assembly in Malaysia.
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Much as I was resisting the change, there were very
clear reasons why we had to change direction.
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We needed to invest heavily in research and development.
But our manufacturing costs were going up and our market place prices
were going down.
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And we were trying to expand our factory in the face
of local planning opposition.
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Meanwhile all our competitors were manufacturing in
China, while we were watching our profits go into freefall.
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I could see our demise.
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But the biggest problem was that we had no local suppliers.
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Our British three-pin plugs were made in Malaysia. Our
polycarbonate plastics came from Korea. Our electronics came from Taiwan.
It was a logistical nightmare.
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We needed our suppliers on our doorstep so that we could
drive them to improve their quality and keep pace with technology.
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In the 1970s, when I was developing the Ballbarrow,
I needed some bent metal tubing. I got in my car and went to Birmingham.
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In the space of a few streets, I found workshops and
suppliers who between them could provide the tubing, cut it, bend it
and coat it. It was an extraordinarily vital environment.
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And it was absolutely essential to the small engineering
entrepreneur.
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You might ask what happened to these British suppliers
and subcontractors? Quite simply: we drove them out of existence.
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Employment and property laws made it difficult for
them to take on extra staff and premises. They needed a tax regime that
appreciated the volatile nature of their business.
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Instead, Governments imposed PAYE and hammered them
with high interest rates, year after year. By the mid-1980s, most had
gone to the wall.
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Moving Dyson production abroad was a tough decision.
Most especially because I had to make 550 people redundant.
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However, it meant we could cut our costs, and expand
our production. We could invest in R&D and employ more staff.
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The upshot is that we now have more people at Malmesbury
than ever. All of them are in higher-skilled, better-paid jobs. Most
are scientists and engineers.
They contribute more to the local economy. And as a company we pay much
more in taxes than we did four or five years ago.
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In Malaysia, the biggest benefit has been that all our
suppliers are within ten miles of the factory. Some were there anyway.
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Others we developed, such as a tent pole maker. We
got him to make our highly-engineered telescopic handles. And he turned
out to be much better than our previous German suppliers.
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At this stage, the benefits are obvious. Our engineers
and scientists are in Wiltshire.
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For a company that depends on innovation, that's what
counts. The know-how is here. It's British. It generates money for the
British economy.
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Thousands of other companies are doing what we were
forced to do. From Doc Marten shoes and Hornby train sets, to Sony's
high-tech electronics, they were all failing to make things competitively
in their home markets, and moved their production to China.
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This shift has led to a huge period of wealth creation.
But it won't last. Why?
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Because countries such as China have already mastered
low-cost production.
Now they are buying Western know-how – the joint venture between
Shanghai Automotive and MG Rover is primarily to secure rights to Rover's
technology.
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Chinese companies are also copying Western styling.
I should know – I'm constantly having to stop them.
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Their universities are churning out vast numbers of
engineers and scientists. And they're good.
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They're taking on Western companies by snapping up Western
brands.
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Today, a Chinese company bought IBM Personal Computers
lock, stock and barrel. Manufacturing, management and the brand.
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Chinese corporations have bought Thomson and RCA televisions,
Dirt Devil and Vax vacuum cleaners, Alcatel cellphones, and Dornier
aircraft.
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To survive against them, we can't just rely on shallow
styling. We need technology and design that they don't have.
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As long as we continue to innovate and produce products
that have better features and work better, we can compete.
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Our only chance for survival is better engineering.
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Now I'm frequently told that championing manufacturing
is yesterday's game. That we live in a post-industrial society. That
the service and creative industries have replaced manufacturing.
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Well consider this:
Of the world's ten largest corporations by revenue, nine make big, heavy
things. Like cars or ships' turbines or computer hardware or consumer
electronics.
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These companies rely on their engineering and their
technology – not their styling – for their wealth. Only one
– WalMart – is a service company.
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Look at the most profitable companies and again the
facts speak for themselves. In the top ten, only three are service companies.
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And as for the world's least profitable company? Why
it's Vodafone, a service company that made a loss of more than 15 billion
dollars last year.
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So why does Britain need a manufacturing industry in
this supposed age of the service economy?
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My answer is simple. We have no choice. Only one in
seven
British jobs is in manufacturing, yet they generate nearly two-thirds
of exports.
Manufacturing creates the wealth and spending power that feed the service
industry.
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It's obvious. The rest of the world relies on manufacturing
for its wealth.
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Why do we think we can be different? If we want to maintain
our position alongside other leading nations, we've got to join the
rest.
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We must take steps now. In ten years time China, with
its mantra of employment over profit, will not only be the workshop
of the world, it will be the technological superpower.
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And what will happen to us?
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Britain's service industries will wither without their
manufacturing customers. Call centres and software developers are already
disappearing to efficient service economies. Such as India.
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Innovation will be stifled.
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We will be surrounded by products that we have not
made. That's something that is already culturally destructive. Ultimately
we will be at the mercy of the buying habits of Chinese shoppers.
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The impact on the trade deficit will be ruinous.
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The loss of manufacturing expertise will compromise
our military strength.
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History repeatedly shows the correlation between a nation's
wealth and its diplomatic and military powers.
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Before the Industrial Revolution, Britain accounted
for just one fiftieth of the world's manufacturing output, while China
spoke for a third.
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Fewer than a hundred years later, China had been invaded
by a small British army.
Its industry was now backward. Britain, with two per cent of the world's
population, was making nearly half the world's goods. And politically
we led the world.
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So if we want to protect our quality of life and our
influence, we must maintain our average wealth – our GDP per capita.
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The only sure way to do that, is to continue to innovate
and manufacture.
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I believe manufacturing is the future, not the past.
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And we need to be clear what manufacturing means in
the 21st century.
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It boils down to three models:
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Firstly, high-tech manufacturers such as jet engine
maker Rolls-Royce. These survive in the face of lower-cost economies
simply because they have the engineering know-how.
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The RB211 jet engine was a revolutionary leap of technology.
Airlines value features and reliability over
price. As long as Rolls-Royce maintains its engineering edge, it can
manufacture in a high-cost economy.
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Then there are companies like Dyson – creating
products in Britain, but making them abroad. We've pared our costs to
the minimum but we've maintained our head offices in our expensive home
nation.
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Why? Because we've spent more than a decade building
up a highly-talented team of engineers and scientists, to develop our
technology and ensure our future.
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Finally, there are companies such as the stylish Apple.
Outside contractors do their manufacturing and engineering. Apple maintains
its value by marketing its brand expertly.
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However, in my mind this could make Apple vulnerable.
If a rival makes a significant technological leap, then styling and
branding will count for nothing.
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So again it's plain to see. In all three scenarios,
only innovative engineering will guarantee a future.
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But to get engineering and manufacturing right in the
future, we need to recognise our strengths and failings in the past.
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I am convinced the industrial revolution happened not
because we were a particularly inventive or industrious nation, but
simply because of circumstance.
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By the early 16th century, we'd cut down most of our
forests. The Royal Navy had built the fleet that defeated the Spanish
Armada. We were constructing wooden housing and using charcoal to fire
blast furnaces. Our timber stocks were so depleted that, Parliament
passed laws restricting the use of wood.
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We had little choice but to turn to coal to fire the
pottery furnaces, and to power the textile looms that were emerging
in the Midlands.
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Necessity was the mother of invention. We developed
the steam engine to help us mine that coal. That triggered the industrial
revolution.
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As luck would have it, this spark of industrialism coincided
with a period when Britain was hitting its imperialist stride.
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In this virtuous circle of confluent political and industrial
needs, industry grew at an incredible rate. The Empire expanded rapidly
and we created many inventions.
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Our imperial ambitions were fuelled by our industrial
might. And vice-versa.
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The Empire provided plentiful raw materials, and a captive
market.
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The growth in manufacturing capability was extreme.
It is tempting to suppose it was the result of adept management. Or
the skilful exploitation of our engineering know-how.
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That would be a big mistake. It happened because the
conditions were so right that it was almost impossible to fail.
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It was nevertheless a period of great creativity. We
have a lot to be proud of. For 200 years we dominated invention, science
and manufacturing. Like no other country before or possibly since.
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From Newcomen, Watt and Savery's development of the
steam engine, in the early 18th century, to Fleming's invention in 1904
of the vacuum diode. Britain ruled each successive
wave of technology.
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Behind all these, are fascinating tales of human ingenuity
and determination. But, above all, these inventions came about in Britain,
because the conditions at the time were absolutely right.
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Crucially, few were the result of particularly clever
engineering development. They were the products of good craftsmanship
rather than scientific investigation.
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It was more a culture of gifted amateurs, than dedicated
professionals.
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And it meant we repeatedly failed to capitalise on many
of our best ideas. A British curse that persists to this day.
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For example, we developed every major innovation in
the iron and steel making process. Yet our steel industry failed to
adopt them with the same gusto as its counterparts in France, Germany
and America.
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We were soon left behind.
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We lacked initiative. We had a ready supply of raw materials.
And we had an Empire on which to foist our goods.
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These were conditions that bred complacency.
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And lo and behold, by the late 19th century our volume
of production had fallen behind America.
To make matters worse, we were failing to educate the next generation.
On the eve of the First World War, Germany had 60,000 university students.
We had just 9,000.
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German universities turned out 3,000 engineering graduates
every year.
In England and Wales, only 350 students secured first and second class
honours in all branches of science, technology and mathematics –
including engineering.
Our industrialisation had boomed with the expansion of the Empire.
And so it retreated with the decline of our imperial power.
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By the end of the Second World War, we were in a sorry
state.
Having founded reasonably good car, aerospace, textile and shipbuilding
industries, we seemed to give up.
My theory is that by 1945 everyone was exhausted. After two world wars
and a depression, a desire for security was endemic in society.
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We were encouraged to get a job that promised a safe
future – accountancy, law, medicine, the foreign office or some
other part of the civil service.
We sought refuge in the comfort of pipes, nursery food, big fat armchairs
in stuffy, overheated rooms and low-risk jobs for life.
We'd become lazy and we failed to capitalise on our wartime inventions
such as penicillin, radar and computers.
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Meanwhile, grammar and public schools groomed us for
university. We were encouraged to become middle-class professionals
and to avoid industry and manufacturing.
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When I was at school, my teachers told me that if I
failed my exams I'd end up in a factory.
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They conjured up a ghastly Dickensian image of grime,
repetitive tasks, lousy working conditions and book-keeping on thick
ledgers on high lecterns.
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Well I proved them wrong.
Somehow I passed most of my exams.
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And yet I still ended up in a factory.
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In fact, I built one.
And as a manufacturer, I've had to get used to the brickbats that I
heard bandied as a child.
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The most prevalent of which was that manufacturing was
exploitative. Oh, how we liked to paint a picture of being "under
the thumb of big business".
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Even as a child, I never quite understood why anything
to do with industry was portrayed as a dark, evil thing.
But if someone made money from 40,000 inherited acres of prime farmland,
or from retailing, then somehow it was morally acceptable.
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And then we nationalised our major industries.
In one fell swoop, we killed entrepreneurship.
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As a result of all these attitudes and conditions, we
failed to benefit from the great, international, post-war, economic
boom.
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While the economies of other countries were expanding,
ours was contracting.
Much of it was down to our dwindling manufacturing base.
In 1950, we produced a quarter of the world's exports; in 1970, just
one tenth.
By the mid 1980s our international goods trade was in deficit. Fast
forward to today.
We rely on our service industries to prop up our alarming trade deficit.
And this sorry situation, is often presented as the conclusive argument,
that we have tipped from a manufacturing economy to a service economy.
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Time and time again, I'm told Britain can rely on service
industries.
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"It doesnÂ’t matter if we buy all our low-cost
goods from abroad," I hear.
"We can rely on our service industry to finance it."
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It has become a paradox of our age.
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The number of 'made inÂ…' labels in shops, is no
longer an accurate gauge of a country's economic output.
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So how can we continue to generate wealth when we're
making less and importing more?
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A commentator recently gave an example. Buying a plastic
model of Professor Dumbledore, the Harry Potter character, costs around
£10. Doubtlessly it will be labelled 'made
in China'.
But according to the commentator, the retail and wholesale margins,
royalties, design, advertising and promotion will contribute £7
or £8 to Britain's GDP.
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Well I'm sorry to disillusion everyone who believes
this argument, but as a manufacturer who operates in 37 countries, I
know from experience that this isn't the case.
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The retailer's margin would be tiny. And it might well
be Toys R Us, Amazon.com or some other non-British company.
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Most of the distribution costs will be spent shipping
the toy to this country.
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Advertising and promotion are likely to be co-ordinated
in the manufacturer's home country.
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And 10 per cent or more of the cost will go to Warner
Brothers.
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All money spent abroad.
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And there are other reasons why the argument is short-sighted.
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First, we spend much more on big, expensive engineered
things than we spend on cheap goods such as plastic toys.
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Things like: cars or aeroplanes, or the glass and steel
used to build skyscrapers in the City.
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And if you buy something substantial, then the proportion
of the total cost spent on distribution and marketing, within Britain,
is minuscule.
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But there is an even better argument for supporting
our manufacturing industries.
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Just imagine that a British company was manufacturing
the toys.
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Then, instead of scraping a few pennies off each doll
sold here, we would be recouping the revenues from every Dumbledore
sold anywhere in the world.
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But I am not arguing that we have to manufacture everything
in Britain for it to continue to generate wealth for us.
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What we need is companies that make their money from
manufacturing. Even if they do their assembly elsewhere.
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Manufacturing companies and entrepreneurs need to have
their ideas here.
Do the engineering here. Develop the technology here. Oversee the production
from here. Plan the marketing and organise the selling here.
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Then if they sell their Dumbledores – or their
cars or aeroplanes or televisions – anywhere in the world, then
the revenues return to this country.
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And the people doing those engineering jobs are highly
paid. More than the people doing the retailing jobs that the commentator
cited.
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But instead of appreciating this simple fact, we have
created a strange society.
One in which economic growth relies on us continuing to spend ever greater
amounts of our money shopping.
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Napoleon wasn't quite right. WeÂ’re not a nation
of shopkeepers, but shopaholics.
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I'm as guilty as the next person. I like nothing more
than a trip to the shops. I often find myself lost and overwhelmed in
DIY stores.
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But I am convinced that our love of retailing is part
of the reason for our lack of interest in engineering and manufacturing.
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We say that we're heading into town for a bit of 'retail
therapy'. What weÂ’re really doing is going for some product therapy.
But the phrase 'retail therapy' reveals our true motives.
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We are as turned on by the act of buying as by the goods
we purchase. We have become divorced from the producer.
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Just try it yourself. When you show off some thing you've
bought, I guarantee the first question will be "Where did you get
it?", not "Who made it?"
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The inference is, that if you bought it somewhere expensive
and exclusive, then it must be good.
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The perception is that the shop makes the goods, not
the producer. The producer is eclipsed by the massive retailer.
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Yet making money from retailing or the City is admired.
While making it from manufacturing is not. Clean money is okay, it seems.
Dirty money isn't.
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"Not bad for two years' work," said Philip
Green, when he made £460m in two years from his investment in
BHS. The general reaction was good luck to him.
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Maybe it goes back to the Florentines teaching us the
business of trade.
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Trade, of course, predates manufacturing and has always
dominated it. But it's pretty pointless if we don't make anything to
trade.
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So China breathing down our necks. The only way we'll
be able to sell our products is if they have better technology and are
better designed.
That means investing in engineering, and engineers, to ensure we don't
repeat the mistakes of the past.
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What do we need to do to ensure we get manufacturing
right in the future?
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The first step is to address the shortcomings of our
education system. And to use it to change attitudes.
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Actually, it is one area of our culture that has vastly
improved its approach to engineering. We have a generation of children
who have studied Design and Technology at school.
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I'm also heartened by the changes taking place on our
university design courses.
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They have recognised that styling, as a separate entity,
was an invention of the latter half of the 20th century.
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And that it was essentially about putting a tired product
in new clothes.
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Most art and design colleges are now moving from teaching
industrial design to teaching engineering design. It's not just a name.
They are actually teaching engineering.
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The Royal College of Art was in the vanguard when it
devised a joint course with Imperial College. It draws on Imperial's
engineering expertise – something I did myself when I was at the
RCA.
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And they have been followed by the best design colleges
around the country.
Brunel, Newcastle, Southbank, Glasgow, Dundee and Leicester are all
changing.
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Five years ago, students got away with turning out conceptual
designs. Few of them worked. They were entirely styling and marketing
exercises.
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Nowadays, students have to make breadboard prototypes
that work. Then they think about the packaging and styling.
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But there's more we could do at schools and universities.
I believe we force our children to specialise too early.
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By the time they are 14 or 15, our children have been
pigeonholed. They are either scientists or artists.
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It limits their choices. And it doesn't create the kind
of rounded characters that make innovative, lateral thinkers.
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After all, the Lunar Men, who made the discoveries
that set the industrial revolution in motion, were polymaths.
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The arts and science divide has done such damage to
this country's prosperity.
Look at the countries where engineering is held in high esteem –
France and Germany. Most pupils continue with some science instruction
right through school.
They are countries with a good vocational teaching tradition.
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We also need to develop a culture of rewarding failure.
For too long, we have valued effortless brilliance, like the Oxford
double first. Not the dogged determined slogger.
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It has created a culture in which "having a strong
work ethic" is a term of insult.
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But the fact is, the B grade students are the most successful
in life. They make the best entrepreneurs. They have learned to persevere
and theyÂ’re not scared of failure.
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Thomas Edison summed it up brilliantly: "Invention
and success are one per cent inspiration, 99 per cent perspiration."
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Most successful entrepreneurs have overcome several
failures.
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If I had given up on prototype 05126 I wouldn't be standing
here tonight. It took one more prototype to really make it work. All
that taught me a huge amount.
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We need to encourage children to be different at school.
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In subjects such as Design and Technology, I think students
should be marked by how many mistakes they make.
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It's what they learn from those mistakes that's important.
Not how quickly and neatly they complete the task.
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We need to instil an ethos that learning should be
through experience and experiment, rather than by rote.
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Educating our children to appreciate engineering is
only the first step. The next is to change their attitudes.
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At the moment, the arts are more important to us than
science. or engineering.
Just look at the front page of this week's Sunday Times. Two articles.
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On one side "an extra 125 million pounds for Theatreland."
On the other, "funds for sciences at universities to be cut."
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Since 1997, we have closed 18 physics departments and
28 chemistry departments.
As a result, we now produce only 3,000 physics graduates a year. Compare
that to an astonishing 15,000 psychologists!
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And it's going to get worse. Yet more science departments
are due to close.
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Again, long-term prosperity is being sacrificed at the
altar of short-term gain.
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A quick buck.
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Certainly it's an attitude I encountered again and again
when I was starting up.
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And it brings me to the third step in my manifesto for
manufacturing change.
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We need to encourage manufacturing investors. And to
make them think long-term.
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Twelve years ago, I was trudging from venture capitalist
to merchant banker.
I was seeking funding to manufacture my vacuum cleaner. A delightful
American called Bob Peyton was also looking for money.
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He wanted to expand his chain of pizza restaurants.
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I wanted to build up something with a potential worldwide
market.
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My business would not offer a return for several years,
whereas Bob was promising a relatively quick buck. So guess who got
the funding?
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And it hasn't changed.
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Banks and venture capitalists are not going to invest
long-term unless we give them an incentive.
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To do that we need two things. Tax breaks on long term
manufacturing investment. And lower interest rates.
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Permanently.
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As I explained in evidence to the Monetary Policy Committee,
manufacturers quite like inflation. It's interest rates and the exchange
rate that bother them.
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Inflation means our borrowings get smaller, faster.
High interest rates, on the other hand, hamper investment.
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And high exchange rates create the double whammy of
less
revenue from exports and more competition from cheaper imports.
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So it seems to me utterly bizarre that we set a target
rate for inflation.
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And to achieve it, we try to use interest rates –
a blunt instrument at the best of times.
It should be the other way round. We should set low targets for interest
and exchange Rates.
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That will encourage investment in manufacturing and
R&D.
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At Dyson, we invest 12 per cent of our turnover in research
and development.
It's a fortune by British standards. British companies invest a meagre
2.1 per cent of turnover in R&D, less than half the international
average of 4.3 per cent.
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Yet it's been shown that companies which invest in R&D
repeatedly outperform the rest of the stock market.
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So there's a good reason for the City to take a longer
term view.
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The Government already gives a small tax break for R&D.
It needs to be extended to cover not just innovation, but devising step
by step improvements to existing products and the consequent re-tooling.
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It's what made Japanese products so successful.
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But without support for on-going research, it is much
more productive for companies to invest in advertising.
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It offers a short-term sales gain but provides no long
term
investment in our future.
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The Government could take genuine steps to encourage
R&D investment. Then we could turnaround one of the most depressing
signs of our diminishing inventiveness.
We file fewer patents with each passing year.
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And in terms of patent applications per capita - probably
the best measure of a nation's inventiveness – we are fast slipping
down the league tables.
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A few years ago, Britain was in seventh place, behind
Luxembourg and only just ahead of Monaco. I'd be tempted to ask you
to name a famous Monegasque inventor.
But that would be to highlight our sorry state of affairs.
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But it needn't be like this.
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We can get it right.
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All we need to do is give engineers a free hand.
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We need to encourage more people to become engineers
and scientists.
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And to encourage manufacturers and financiers to invest
in the future through R&D.
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We're already taking the right steps in our schools
and universities. They have turned their backs on shallow styling.
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They have realised that the future belongs to people
who make things that work better.
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The cultural change has long been apparent in architecture.
It has abandoned the hollow styling obsession of post-modernism.
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The best architects now make a feature of the technology
that makes their designs possible.
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And look. A bridge in Gateshead won the Sterling prize.
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It shows that in the field of architecture, technology
and engineering are shaping the future.
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Now we must do the same for the manufactured object.
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We got it halfway right in the past. If we recognise
our failings, we can do better in the future.
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Manufacturing and engineering are about brains, not
brawn or looks.
And the future belongs to those who use their brains best.
Rise up engineers!
