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Around 30,000 Bradford school pupils aged between 11 and 15 are completing detailed questionnaires on every aspect of their lives; from how they spend their free time, to questions about their mental health, their use of social media, their family finances and even details of any risk taking behaviour. These insights will lead to a raft of new approaches aimed at improving their lives.

Winifred Robinson has been alongside Born in Bradford since the start, when more than 11,000 pregnant mothers in the city agreed to be followed through their pregnancies. Now those children are teenagers and the study has been widened to include all pupils across the city. Findings to date have helped inform government policy and have shaped responses to health problems.

Almost half of the mothers in the original cohort were of Pakistani origin and in 2013 Born in Bradford published one of the world鈥檚 most detailed studies about cousin marriage. Around sixty four per cent of the Pakistani mothers had married a cousin and researchers found that consanguinity more than doubled the risk of having a child with a genetic disorder: from 2.8 percent in the general population to just over 6 percent.

The researchers have been able to use data from a second cohort of mothers recruited to the study from 2016 onwards and have found that there has been a fall in cousin marriage amongst the city鈥檚 Pakistani community; over the last decade it鈥檚 gone from being a majority practise to being a minority one.

Professor John Wright, who heads Born in Bradford, said that the rate of cousin marriage had fallen to 46 per cent, with the fall being steepest among younger mothers of Pakistani origin who were born in the UK. There are more of those mothers now. The researchers believe there are a lot of factors at play here 鈥� among them tougher immigration laws.

鈥淪o we've seen this quite steep reduction in rates of consanguinity and cousin marriage; it may be that the conversations that we've been having to raise awareness about genetic literacy have made an impact. It may be that this is part of acculturation of these young people as they grow up in the UK, with more individualization and more choice. In addition the 2012 Immigration Act made it harder to bring partners in for marriage and this has undoubtedly had an impact.

鈥淲hen we first published the 2013 paper, there were calls from some of the more right wing media that cousin marriage should be banned. It's a sensitive topic: a billion people across the world practice consanguinity, so the idea that we're going to ban it was just nonsense. We wanted to show the health risk from it and to raise awareness. And we're seeing that effect now, in Bradford with the data that we've got鈥�

Khadija is 32 and works in a nursery in the city. She told the programme that although her parents were first cousins, she had chosen a love match: 鈥� I think a lot more women in the community work and that means you've got more opportunity to meet somebody, and especially with all the social media out there. There are all sorts of options today that weren't available before, when it was a lot harder for you to meet somebody new.

鈥淲e're coming to an age now where a lot of young people are not really connected to their Pakistani roots as much as our parents and our grandparents were. We鈥檙e moving away from the culture and embracing the British culture a lot more, there's a lot more acceptance. That works in marriage, so there鈥檚 more acceptance when it comes to us finding our spouse and getting an education, a degree.鈥�

Seventeen year old Amari agrees, and says that although a lot of people in her family have cousin marriages, she would not chose it for herself: "I would want my babies to be healthy, but I wouldn't go up to my grandparents and say what you're doing is wrong. Or if my cousin got married to my other cousin, I wouldn't go and say what you're doing is wrong. I just wouldn't do it myself because of reasons like that, but also it would be weird to think of marrying one of my cousins and that鈥檚 a big thing for me.鈥�

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