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Henry VIII was ambitious he looked towards Europe. In 1512 he hired Austrian mercenaries and defeated the French in the Battle of the Spurs in 1513. In the same year at home the Earl of Surrey won a bloody victory against the Scots at Flodden killing James IV. The one-year-old James V came to the throne of Scotland and his mother, Margaret - Henry's sister, became Regent.

Thomas Wolsey

THOMAS WOLSEY (c. 1472-1530)

• The son of an Ipswich butcher
• Became an Oxford don then royal chaplain in 1507
• In 1511 Wolsey became a royal councillor and four years later a cardinal and then Lord Chancellor
• Dominated Government, restructured the equity and prerogative courts, and was hated by the aristocracy
• Failed to secure annulment of Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon and the King was displeased
• In 1529 Wolsey was dismissed, stripped of many of his possessions and sent north to his archdiocese in York
• He died on the way.

Thomas Wolsey was the son of a poor, rascally butcher of Ipswich whose name appears on the borough's records for selling meat unfit for human consumption.

DESCRIPTION OF HENRY VIII ON ST GEORGE'S DAY 1515 WHEN HE GAVE AUDIENCE TO A VENETIAN DIPLOMAT NAMED PASQUALIGO
Henry is at his palace at Richmond on the bank of the Thames, and a barge covered in silks and tapestry has been sent for Pasqualigo and his entourage.

This vessel conveyed us to the said palace of Richmond, where they led us into a sort of hall, and though it was before mass, they made us breakfast, for fear we should faint; after which we were conducted to the presence, through sundry chambers all hung with most beautiful tapestry, figured in gold and silver, and in silk, passing down the ranks of the body-guard, which consists of three hundred halberdiers in silver breast-plates and pikes in their hands; and, by God, they were all as big as giants . . . We at length reached the King, who was under a canopy of cloth of gold, embroidered in Florence, the most costly thing I have ever witnessed. He was leaning against his gilt throne, on which there was a large gold brocade cushion, where the long gold sword of state lay. He wore a cap of crimson velvet, in the French fashion, and the brim was looped up all around with lacets, which had gold enamelled tags. His doublet was in the Swiss fashion, striped alternately with white and crimson satin, and his hose were scarlet and slashed from the knee upwards. Very close round his neck he had a gold collar, from which there hung a round cut diamond, the size of the largest walnut I ever saw, and to this was suspended a most beautiful and very large round pearl. His mantle was of purple velvet, lined with white satin, the sleeves being open, and with a train verily more than four Venetian yards in length.

This mantle was girt in front like a gown, with a thick gold cord, from which there hung large glands entirely of gold, like those suspended from the cardinals' hats; over his mantle was a very handsome gold collar, with a pendant St George, entirely of diamonds. On his left shoulder was the garter, which is a cincture buckled circular-wise, and bearing in its centre a cross gules on a field argent; and on his right shoulder was a hood, with a border entirely of crimson velvet. Beneath the mantle he had a pouch of cloth of gold, which covered a dagger and his fingers were one mass of jeweled rings.

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1501	Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon marry in London
1502	Prince Arthur dies
1503	Betrothal of Prince Henry to Catherine of Aragon James IV of Scots marries Margaret Tudor, Henry's daughter
1509	Henry VII dies Henry VIII becomes King Henry VIII marries Catherine of Aragon
1513	Henry VIII defeats France at the Battle of Spurs James IV of Scots invades England and is defeated and killed at Flodden James V, King of Scots
1514	Wolsey becomes Archbishop of York Mary Tudor, Henry's sister, marries Louis XII of France
1515	Wolsey becomes Lord Chancellor and cardinal Francis I becomes King of France
1516	Birth of Princess Mary
1518	Wolsey made Papal Legate
1519	Charles V becomes Holy Roman Emperor
1520	Henry VIII meets Francis I of France at the Field of the Cloth of Gold.
1529	Wolsey falls from power Sir Thomas More becomes Chancellor
1531	Thomas Cromwell becomes a privy councillor
1533	Henry VIII secretly marries Anne Boleyn Cranmer is made archbishop of Canterbury Cranmer grants Henry's divorce Birth of Princess Elizabeth