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To write complex ion-electron equations:

• Balance the atoms that are already present on both sides.
• If the number of oxygen atoms needs to be balanced, add the same number of water molecules to the opposite side (the side with the lower total oxygen).
• Add twice the number of hydrogen ions (H⁺) as water molecules added to the opposite side.
• Complete the equation by adding the total number of electrons needed to balance the overall electrical charge.

The electrochemical series represents a series of reduction reactions and can be found in the .

The strongest oxidising agents are at the bottom of the left-hand column of the elecrochemical series

The strongest reducing agents are at the top of the right-hand column of the electrochemical series