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Malaria leads to large number of children aged under five dying. Adults with malaria are too weak to work which leads to a loss of productivity or to them not being able to produce enough food for their family. Therefore they remain poor and do not have a lot to eat which makes them more vulnerable to disease.

A country's limited resources are used up in health care rather than in education or improving services which hinders development. Tourists may be less likely to visit a country with malaria so there is less revenue from tourism.

Strategies adopted to manage malaria

A vaccine to cure malaria is still in the early stages of development so most methods are concerned with prevention and focus on either the host (human), or the vector (mosquito).

Treating the host:

• drugs, eg chloroquine
• insect repellent, eg Autan (DEET)
• education, eg avoiding being bitten by covering arms and legs after dusk, and not wearing dark clothes
• insecticide treated mosquito nets

Treating the vector:

• insecticides, eg Malathion and DDT
• draining breeding grounds
• flushing out of dams
• genetic engineering to sterilise male mosquitoes
• planting eucalyptus trees to soak up moisture
• larvae eating fish, eg guppies/muddy loach
• mustard seeds in ponds to drag larvae below the surface and drown them
• BTI coconuts destroy the stomach lining of larvae

Organisations such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) have launched campaigns to eradicate malaria using insecticides and drugs. They also conduct research into finding ways to cure and prevent malaria.

Aid agencies such as the Red Cross provide emergency medical care - short-term aid. They also help provide training and education in primary health care to improve overall health in malarial regions - long-term aid.

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation was set up by the founder of Microsoft, Bill Gates, and philanthropist, Melinda French Gates, to provide funding to try to find a cure for malaria.

In the last few years, vaccines have been developed to protect against Malaria. The Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme is a large-scale pilot programme coordinated by the World Health Organisation.

Effectiveness of strategies:

• Drugs – expensive and parasites are building up a resistance.
• Insecticides – expensive, Malathion stains yellow and has an unpleasant smell, and may also pollute the environment.
• Draining breeding grounds – impractical, they refill when it rains, and impossible to drain all breeding grounds. A puddle/tin can is enough water for mosquitoes to breed in.
• Flushing out of dams – defeats the purpose of a dam which is to store water and water, may also be in short supply.
• Planting eucalyptus trees – effective at soaking up water but can soak up water needed for farmland.
• Larvae-eating fish – they cannot eat all the larvae but do provide a source of protein.
• Mustard seeds – large quantities needed which is expensive, but mustard seeds are environmentally friendly.
• BTI coconuts – control ponds for up to 45 days and coconuts are cheap and plentiful.
• Mosquito nets – cheap and effective.
• Education – effective but it only takes one mosquito.