What methods do pressure groups use?
Sometimes pressure groups might be seen as a threat to democracy because a relatively small, unelected group of individuals can force a change in the law. Alternatively they can be seen as a vital way for people to influence politicians outside election time. Pressure groups employ a variety of methods to promote their cause.
Demonstrations
Demonstrations are a very visible example of direct action, which may or may not have an effect on a government.
Petitions
Petitions are a way to raise awareness among politicians of public feeling about a specific issue. When large numbers of people sign a petition, it is more likely to be noticed.
Media advertising
Media advertising, including poster campaigns, and adverts in newspapers or online, may be used to attract public sympathy and this may help the pressure group in its efforts to influence the government.
Publicity stunts
Some pressure groups may use a publicity stunt in order to gain media coverage and try and influence public support. Coverage in a newspaper or on the TV news is free and is likely to be seen by many people, however, on some occasions the pressure group may not be portrayed in a positive light and may even end up breaking the law. As a result the pressure group may end up losing public support for their cause by this form of direct action.
How do pressure groups influence parliament?
Pressure groups may also have influence inside Parliament if there is an MP who is a member of the group or is sympathetic to it.
MPs with affiliations to pressure groups must declare an interest when speaking on behalf of the group. MPs are not allowed to receive payment for promoting the cause unless they declare it.
Insider groups may be involved in decision-making processes by being on committees with ministers, MPs and civil servants, as well as writing advisory papers and sponsoring MPs.
Outsider groups also have an opportunity to lobby politicians and their views will often be taken into consideration. There is criticism of the undue influence that may be wielded by large and wealthy groups.
There are very large and wealthy pressure groups which can afford to use expert parliamentary lobbyists, who know the parliamentary and legislative system and can make direct contact with ministers and MPs. Some people argue that some pressure groups have more opportunities than others to influence what decisions are made by Parliament.