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Instructions can be seen all around us in our daily lives. For example, on packets of food, in manuals or guidebooks, and even on the roads and streets outside.

An instruction manual tells the reader how to complete a task.

It is written in clear steps using direct language. The steps should be numbered so the reader knows what order to do things in.

Instructions tell the reader how to do something, like how to cook a meal or how to build a chair. They have to be written clearly so the reader can easily understand each step.

Instructions need to include:

• A title saying what the instructions are about

• A list of what is needed

• Step-by-step actions written in chronological order (the order in which they should happen)

When you write instructions you should:

• Use command verbs such as chop, mix, stir

• Use time conjunctions such as first, next, then, until

• Use adverbs such as quickly, slowly, carefully to explain how the action should be done

• Use numbers for each new step

Read this called ‘How to make a potion to turn your teacher into a toad’.

Then have a go at answering the questions that follow.

Write your answers to the questions on a piece of paper, or you can think about them and discuss them with a friend or someone at home.

1. Do the instructions have a title? What is it?
2. What information is given first?
3. What does ‘ingredients’ mean?
4. How do you know what order to do the instructions in?
5. What type of word does each instruction start with?

Watch this clip in which presenters Dick and Dom read from George's Marvellous Medicine by Roald Dahl.

Listen carefully to the ingredients George uses to make his grandma’s medicine.

Now imagine you’re making your own medicine for a horrible grandma.

Make a list of eight ingredients that you would use and explain what effect each one would have on grandma.

Top tip!

Don’t forget to say how much to use.

For example:

A tablespoon of strawberry jam to make her cheeks more rosy.

A whole bottle of perfume to make her smell like flowers.

Now write a set of instructions telling other people how they could make your medicine.

Remember to include:

• A title. You could start with ‘How to …’

• A list of ingredients and how much you need of each one

• Numbered steps and time conjunctions to show what order the ingredients should be added in

• Adverbs to explain how they should be added

• An explanation of why each ingredient should be added

For example:

How to improve a horrible grandma

1. First of all, carefully sprinkle two teaspoons of coffee into the pot to give grandma some energy.

Top tip!

Don't forget to use command verbs such as mix, stir, add, pour and chop.

Sometimes instruction manuals include extra sections, like ‘alternatives’ (for if you don’t have all the ingredients) or ‘trouble-shooting’ (for if things start to go wrong!).

Re-read your instructions from Activity 2 and add your own ‘alternatives’ and ‘trouble-shooting’ tips.

For example:

Alternatives

If you cannot locate eight spindly spider legs, you could replace them with 14 rotten pink rose petals.

Trouble-shooting

If your mixture does not glow turquoise after step 4, you may need to repeat step 3. Alternatively place your mixture in the freezer for 20 seconds and sing your favourite song!